
The move isbooked beforethe call
Before anyone phones a mover, they ask its website what an hour costs, whether the price is fixed and what happens if something breaks. We read 185 independent moving company sites in the US on a phone to see which of nine questions they answer.
0 movers
Four kinds of mover
Thirteen checks
The State of Independent Moving Company Websites · Q4 2026 · edition 2026-Q4

The headline
0%
of the websites in this study answer the customer's question.
Customers ask nine things. The median mover answers three.
Across 185 independent moving company websites, the median site answers four of the nine customer questions this edition tests. 32% show any price; 19% say whether their estimate is binding.1
What a customer can find out before calling
We turned nine questions people ask before they book a move into nine checks, then read each site for an answer a visitor could find on a phone.
Share of all websites answering each question
Figure 1. Share of sites that answer each question on the home page or a page it links to, read from the served HTML. Sorted from most to least answered.
Tape length = share of sites · red, marked fragile = fewer than a quarter · black tick = half


Four kinds of mover, side by side
Local residential movers (74): median score 79, a price shown on 36%, a USDOT or MC number on 31%. Long-distance and interstate movers (36): median score 75, a price shown on 42%, a USDOT or MC number on 69%. Moving and storage companies (41): median score 76, a price shown on 17%, a USDOT or MC number on 56%. Specialty movers: piano, senior and office (34): median score 78, a price shown on 29%, a USDOT or MC number on 26%.
Where each website scores
Overall website score out of 100, one dot per site; the brown rule is each group's median
Figure 2. Overall website score out of 100, one dot per site. The brown rule marks each group's median.

The question after the move
0%of movers explain what happens if something breaks.
Four movers, up close
Four real sites from this edition, picked by how many checks they pass: the most, two from the middle and the fewest. The photographs are illustrations, not the movers, which stay anonymous. The number is the overall website score; each dot is one check, filled when the site passes it.
Abe Lincoln Movers and Storage
Moving and storage companie, Denver, CO. It answers 8 of the 9 customer questions this edition tests, loads fast on phones and describes its images; like most sites in this study, it has yet to pass text contrast (WCAG 1.4.3). Its overall website score is 76/100. Named as a positive example; every other site in this report is anonymous.

What it does well
- A quote can be requested online
- Estimate type named: binding, non-binding or not-to-exceed
- A price shown: an hourly rate, a crew rate or a move price
- USDOT or MC number shown as text
- Valuation or moving insurance explained
- Packing offered as a service
- Open dates shown: online booking, a calendar or stated availability
- Reviews marked up, in a widget or quoted
- Every image has a text description (WCAG 1.1.1)
- Clikiti pillar scores of 90 or more: accessibility 96, SEO 99
Where it could still improve
- Not found on the home page or the pages it links to: deposit or cancellation terms stated
- Usability pillar 48/100

The customers left out
Customers who use a screen reader, a keyboard or an older phone on a weak signal are moving too. These checks measure whether the site lets them in.3
Table 1. Technical checks, share of the 185 sites that fail each one.
How the sites were read
Read
The home page and up to eleven pages it links to (services, quote, prices, packing, storage, long distance, insurance or valuation, FAQ, policies, reviews, contact), read as a server delivers them. The customer questions are answered here, by fixed published rules (Appendix A4).
Measure
Google Lighthouse (PageSpeed Insights) in a phone and a desktop render, with Chrome UX Report field data where it exists: load time, contrast and image descriptions. Repeatable.
Review
An expert usability review of each home page against Nielsen's heuristics, used only in the usability part of the score. Every issue must name the heuristic, a severity and the element, or it is dropped.
Read the full methodology Sample, definitions, scoring, precision and limitations, in Appendix A.
For agencies and freelancers
What this means for agencies
what to fix first, and how to pitch it
For small agencies and freelancers who sell websites to independent moving companies. We scanned 185 of their websites: 1% score under 60 out of 100, and 82% leave at least three of the questions customers planning a move ask unanswered. Here is where the winnable work is, which problems to lead a pitch with, and how to show them without days of spec design.
Who is realistic to win
Long-distance and interstate movers are the most winnable: the lowest median score in this report (75 out of 100), and 0% of them score under 60. Their problems are visible, specific and fixable by a small team.
| Type | Sites | Median | Under 60 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Local residential movers | 74 | 79 | 0% |
| Long-distance and interstate movers | 36 | 75 | 0% |
| Moving and storage companies | 41 | 76 | 2% |
| Specialty movers: piano, senior and office | 34 | 78 | 0% |
Score out of 100. "Under 60" is the share of sites that miss most of what a customers planning a move looks for.
5 problems to lead a pitch with
- 87%Loads in under 2.5 s on a phone Build
Resize and compress the hero image, defer chat and tracking scripts, aim for under 2.5 s on a phone.
Your home page takes several seconds to appear on a customer's phone.
- 84%Text contrast passes 4.5:1 Quick fix
Raise text contrast to at least 4.5:1 in the theme, especially white text over truck and crew photos.
Parts of the site are hard to read, and it is a WCAG failure.
- 81%Is the price fixed? Content
One paragraph, linked from the quote form, that says which kind of estimate the company gives (binding, non-binding or not-to-exceed) and what can change the price on the day.
"Is the price fixed?" is the question behind every bad mover story, and your site never answers it.
- 76%What's the deposit, and can I cancel? Quick fix
State the deposit (amount or "no deposit") and the cancellation and rescheduling terms, near the quote form and in the FAQ.
A customer about to commit wants to know what they lose if the closing date moves, and your site does not say.
- 69%What if something breaks? Content
A short page on what happens if something breaks: released value (60 cents per pound per article) versus full value protection, what each costs and how to claim.
Customers find out what basic coverage pays only after something breaks; the movers who explain it first get fewer one-star reviews.
Share of sites with the problem. WCAG items are accessibility failures. Every check cites a standard in the method section.
How to show a prospect their problems, and a redesign
- 1Lead with their problem, not your services
Open with one question the site fails, for example loads in under 2.5 s on a phone (87% of sites in this report miss it), and show the exact page where the answer should be.
- 2Put a number on it
Compare their site with the sector: across 185 independent local, long-distance, storage and specialty moving companies sites, the median scores 76 out of 100 and answers 4 of the 9 questions customers planning a move ask. A number travels further inside the client than an opinion.
- 3Show the fix without days of spec work
A rough redesign that answers those questions persuades better than a proposal, but it usually costs a designer a day or two per prospect. You can sketch it by hand, or use Clikiti: the scan is free and shows any site's problems in about a minute, and paid plans draft a redesign of the home page from the prospect's own brand, from about $2.33 per pitch.
Scan a prospect's site free No sign-up. You see what the prospect would see.
Show every mover what customers see
Clikiti reads a mover's site the way a customer does, states what it found, and generates the redesign you present before the first call.
See your market on ClikitiMethodology
How this study was designed, who was included, what was measured and how far the results can be relied on. It is written so that an agency can share it with a moving company owner who wants to check the evidence behind a pitch.
A1. The research question
When someone planning a move looks up an independent moving company online, usually on a phone, can they get a quote without calling, find out whether the price is fixed, what an hour or a move costs, whether the company is licensed to move them, what happens if something breaks, whether it will pack for them, whether it is free on their date, what the deposit and cancellation terms are, and whether other customers vouch for it?
Population. Independently owned US moving companies with one to three locations, their own trucks and crews and their own website, in four groups: local residential movers, long-distance and interstate movers, moving and storage companies, and specialty movers (piano, senior and office). These are the moving businesses a small or mid-size web agency can realistically win as clients.
A2. Who was studied
The sample was built from local search listings, city by city, then screened so that every site in it is one an independent agency could realistically win.
| Source | What it contributes | Sites |
|---|---|---|
| Local search, local residential movers | Independent local and residential moving companies found in local search results, city by city | 185 |
| Local search, long-distance and interstate movers | Independent long-distance and interstate moving companies found in local search results, city by city | 28 |
| Local search, moving and storage | Independent moving companies that run their own storage warehouse, found in local search results, city by city | 31 |
| Local search, specialty movers | Independent piano movers, senior move managers with crews, and office and commercial movers found in local search results, city by city | 67 |
Included
- An independently owned business with one to three locations and its own website (not a directory, marketplace or social profile)
- Moves people's belongings with its own crews and trucks: not a broker, a lead service, a truck or container rental or a labour-only marketplace
- Based in the United States
- Home page responds and shows the business it claims to be (each home page title was checked before scanning)
Excluded
- Van lines and their agents' national brand pages (for example Allied, North American, Atlas, Mayflower, United, Bekins, Wheaton) and franchises (for example Two Men and a Truck, College Hunks Hauling Junk and Moving, All My Sons, Gentle Giant, Mighty Movers), and any business with four or more locations
- Truck and container rental companies (for example U-Haul, PODS, U-Pack) and labour-only marketplaces
- Moving brokers and lead-generation sites: any site that sells leads, books other carriers or says it connects customers with movers
- Directories and review sites (for example Yelp, Angi, Thumbtack, moving.com, Moving Authority) and generic keyword domains that hide the business
- Parked, placeholder, under-maintenance, password-protected or unreachable sites, hijacked domains and duplicates
| From list to sample | Sites |
|---|
| Region (US Census) | Local residential movers | Long-distance and interstate movers | Moving and storage companies | Specialty movers: piano, senior and office | All |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northeast | 24 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 49 |
| Midwest | 15 | 9 | 13 | 8 | 45 |
| South | 17 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 42 |
| West | 18 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 49 |
| All regions | 74 | 36 | 41 | 34 | 185 |
A3. How the sites were read
Pages. The home page, then for each of eleven topics (services, quote or estimate, prices or rates, packing, storage, long distance, insurance or valuation, FAQ, policies or terms, reviews, contact) the best-matching link on the home page.
Speed and accessibility. Google PageSpeed Insights (Lighthouse) on a mid-range phone profile and on desktop, plus Chrome UX Report data from real visitors over the previous 28 days where Google publishes it for the site.
Crawler conduct. One request at a time to each site, at least 400 ms apart, at most twelve pages per site; robots.txt is read and obeyed for every page requested; a site that refuses is left out and never retried. The crawler identifies itself as Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; ClikitiResearch/1.0; +https://clikiti.com).
A4. What was measured
9 questions customers ask before they book a move, answered from what each site publishes, and 4 technical checks against published standards. A check passes only when the rule below is met; anything the crawler cannot confirm counts as not answered.
| Question | Counts as answered when | Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Can I get a quote without calling?A quote can be requested online | Clikiti customer question 1 of 9 | |
| Is the price fixed?Estimate type named: binding, non-binding or not-to-exceed | Clikiti customer question 2 of 9 | |
| What does an hour cost, and how many movers?A price shown: an hourly rate, a crew rate or a move price | Clikiti customer question 3 of 9 | |
| Are you licensed to move me?USDOT or MC number shown as text | Clikiti customer question 4 of 9 | |
| What if something breaks?Valuation or moving insurance explained | Clikiti customer question 5 of 9 | |
| Will you pack for me?Packing offered as a service | Clikiti customer question 6 of 9 | |
| Are you free on my date?Open dates shown: online booking, a calendar or stated availability | Clikiti customer question 7 of 9 | |
| What's the deposit, and can I cancel?Deposit or cancellation terms stated | Clikiti customer question 8 of 9 | |
| Do other customers vouch for you?Reviews marked up, in a widget or quoted | Clikiti customer question 9 of 9 | |
| Technical checks | ||
| Loads in under 2.5 s on a phoneLoads in under 2.5 s on a phone | Core Web Vitals · LCP | |
| Text contrast passes 4.5:1Text contrast passes 4.5:1 | WCAG 1.4.3 | |
| Images have text descriptionsImages have text descriptions | WCAG 1.1.1 | |
| MovingCompany or local business structured dataMovingCompany or local business structured data | Schema.org · MovingCompany | |
A5. The website score
Each site's overall score (0 to 100) is Clikiti's website score, rubric 2.0.0. It measures the website, not the mover, and the customer questions above do not feed it. It is a weighted mean of five pillars:
| Pillar | Weight | Based on |
|---|---|---|
| Usability | 30% | Checks of the home page for broken links and images, and an expert review of the page as rendered on a phone and on a desktop screen, against Jakob Nielsen's ten usability heuristics. Each issue must name the heuristic, a severity on the Nielsen Norman Group scale and the exact element or wording; issues without all three are discarded, and two independent passes must agree. |
| Speed | 25% | Google Lighthouse on a mid-range phone (60%) and on desktop (20%), and real-visitor Core Web Vitals from the Chrome UX Report (20%) where available. |
| Accessibility | 25% | Google Lighthouse accessibility audits (70%) and Clikiti's own WCAG checks of the served page (30%). |
| Search | 10% | Google Lighthouse SEO audits (60%) and Clikiti's own search checks of the served page (40%). |
| Trust | 10% | Google Lighthouse best-practice audits (40%) and security header checks (60%). |
Within a pillar, each issue costs points by severity (critical, high, medium, low) and by how many times it occurs; issues based on judgement count at 70% of measured ones, and duplicates of the same root cause count once. On the four mover profiles, the number out of 100 is this overall score, and each dot is one check in its group: filled when the site passes it, hollow when it does not.
A6. Precision
With 185 sites, a share reported for the whole sample is precise to within ±7.2 percentage points at 95% confidence (worst case, a 50% share; 1.96 × √(0.25/n)). By type: local residential movers ±11.4 (n = 74); long-distance and interstate movers ±16.3 (n = 36); moving and storage companies ±15.3 (n = 41); specialty movers: piano, senior and office ±16.8 (n = 34). Differences between types smaller than these margins should be read as similar. Percentages are rounded to whole numbers; medians are the middle value of the sites in a group.
A7. Quality control
- Every home page in the cohort was fetched and its title checked against the listed business before scanning, and every home page was checked for gambling, pharmacy, adult and crypto spam
- Businesses were checked for duplicates across domains by phone number
- Detection rules were checked against the evidence they record for a sample of passes and fails for every rule, and revised before the final run
- Every published figure is recomputed from the data at build time, and a statement in the text that the data does not support stops the build
- Results are published only after automated checks for missing data, anonymity, accessibility of the report itself and the margin of error statement pass
A8. Limitations
- A point-in-time snapshot: sites change, and a site may have improved or declined since it was read. Moving is seasonal, and the scan ran in October, after the summer peak, when some companies run off-season offers.
- Only public pages were read: the home page and pages it links to. Chat widgets, multi-step quote forms, inventory tools and customer portals were not tested.
- Answers are read from the page as a server delivers it. Content that only appears after scripts run in the browser (some whole sites, quote calculators and review widgets) is not seen, which the study counts as a gap a search engine or a slow phone would also meet.
- The study reports what a website shows. It does not judge any company's moves, crews or prices, and it does not check any USDOT or MC number, licence, insurance or valuation offer against a register or a policy.
- Automated accessibility tests find only part of what WCAG covers; keyboard and screen-reader use need a manual audit.
- The sample is a structured list of real, independent businesses, not a random draw. Margins of error are given as a guide to precision, not as a guarantee that the results hold for every business in the country.
A9. Data, licence and corrections
The aggregate results are published as CSV and JSON beside this report under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence: you may reuse, adapt and share them, including in client proposals, with a credit to Clikiti and a link. No per-site results are published. Corrections and removal requests are reviewed and answered personally; see the end of this report.
Movers in this study
The 185 websites in this edition, by type. This list says who was scanned and nothing more: results in this report are shown only in aggregate or anonymously.
Local residential movers (74)
- 10 Men MoversOmaha, NE
- 208 Moving CompanyBoise, ID
- 87 MoversHenderson, NV
- Above Average MovingMadison, WI
- Advanced MovingSioux Falls, SD
- Advantage MovingAustin, TX
- All Out ServicesBirmingham, AL
- AMS Moving and DeliveryNorth Little Rock, AR
- Authentic MoversOmaha, NE
- B&B MoversJacksonville, FL
- Baaahh MoversBuffalo, NY
- Biddeford MoversBiddeford, ME
- Big Brother MovingCary, NC
- Big Dog MoversMadison, WI
- Big Lake MoversGrand Rapids, MI
- Burlington Moving CompanyBurlington, VT
- Buster's Box's MovingKnoxville, TN
- Capital MoversAlbany, NY
- Castle Express Moving & StorageEnfield, CT
- Colt MovingIndianapolis, IN
- Correira Brothers' Moving & StorageProvidence, RI
- Cross Town MoversBoise, ID
- Crown MoversSacramento, CA
- Diversity Moving CompanyPittsburgh, PA
- Divine MovingSouth Burlington, VT
- EverSafe MovingPhiladelphia, PA
- Fast and Efficient MoversPittsburgh, PA
- Fetch MovingTucson, AZ
- Fresh Start The Moving CrewWorcester, MA
- Hernia MoversMilwaukee, WI
- Hero Moving HawaiiWaipahu, HI
- iHaul iMoveColorado Springs, CO
- Instant MoversSyracuse, NY
- Jay Valley MoversSyracuse, NY
- Jones Helps U MoveRaleigh, NC
- Kiki's MoversProvidence, RI
- Lamanna MovingAlbany, NY
- Landon MoversColumbus, OH
- Lobo MovingAlbuquerque, NM
- Local Muscle MoversBurlington, VT
- Madison Smooth MovesMadison, WI
- McKell Brothers HaulingBillings, MT
- Merit and Muscle MoversLutz, FL
- Milwaukee City MoversMilwaukee, WI
- Minne MoversMinneapolis, MN
- Montana Muscle MoversBillings, MT
- Move ForwardSpokane, WA
- Move That StuffTulsa, OK
- Moving BrothersDenver, CO
- Moving by CuryMacungie, PA
- Moving Time TNKnoxville, TN
- OKE MovingLittle Rock, AR
- Pantheon MovingKansas City, KS
- Philip P. Massad MoversWorcester, MA
- Red Carpet Moving CompanyNorth Las Vegas, NV
- Reign Moving SolutionsCharlotte, NC
- Rocky Mountain MoversSalt Lake City, UT
- RVA MoversRichmond, VA
- Sagebrush MoversReno, NV
- SD Mini MoversSan Diego, CA
- Sebastian MovingKnoxville, TN
- Starving Artists MoversConcord, NH
- StrongMile MoversMetuchen, NJ
- TakeAway MoversAtlanta, GA
- Thunder MovingOklahoma City, OK
- Titan Moving & Storage SolutionsWichita, KS
- Tony Caccamise MovingRochester, NY
- Town to Town MoversWorcester, MA
- Tri-State Moving ServiceErie, PA
- Veteran's Best MoversSan Antonio, TX
- We Haul MovingBethlehem, PA
- West Metro RelocationDenver, CO
- Wisconsin Moving CompanyGreenfield, WI
- Wolf Pack MovingSparks, NV
Long-distance and interstate movers (36)
- Alaska TerminalsAnchorage, AK
- AMC MovingTacoma, WA
- At Your Service MoversBirmingham, AL
- Blue Men MovingAkron, OH
- Budget Movers of OmahaOmaha, NE
- Carneys MoversSparks, NV
- Cord Moving & StorageEarth City, MO
- Coutu Bros. Moving & StorageProvidence, RI
- E.E. Ward Moving & StorageColumbus, OH
- Extra Hands PGHGlenshaw, PA
- Frontline MoversBoise, ID
- Gate Parkway MoversJacksonville, FL
- George Moving & StorageFreedom, PA
- Granite State MoversManchester, NH
- Honolulu MoversKapolei, HI
- ILS RelocationLouisville, KY
- John Ferguson Moving & StorageEl Paso, TX
- JP MovingAlbuquerque, NM
- Liberty Moving & StorageBirmingham, AL
- Luxury LiftersBordentown, NJ
- Midwest Moving ProsDes Moines, IA
- Mini MoversSioux Falls, SD
- Moving ConnectionsSalt Lake City, UT
- My Guys Moving & StorageRichmond, VA
- My Movers Inc.Carmel, IN
- New Chapters Moving CompanyJacksonville, FL
- O'Mara Moving & StorageMadison, WI
- OS MovingSan Diego, CA
- Rambo 121Buckeye, AZ
- Reliable MoversSyracuse, NY
- Royal Alaskan MoversAnchorage, AK
- South Hills MoversBethel Park, PA
- Square Deal MovingSyracuse, NY
- We Like To Move ItSan Diego, CA
- West Coast Moving & StoragePortland, OR
- West Michigan's Finest MoversGrand Rapids, MI
Moving and storage companies (41)
- 2 Guys on the MoveSioux Falls, SD
- A Plus Moving and StorageBillings, MT
- AAA Moving & StorageEaston, PA
- Abe Lincoln Movers and StorageDenver, CO
- Accent Moving, Storage & LogisticsTulsa, OK
- Ace Moving & StorageSapulpa, OK
- Action MoversFresno, CA
- Adam Meyer Moving & StorageBethlehem, PA
- Alison's RelocationsAnchorage, AK
- Auburn Moving & StorageRoseville, CA
- B.F. Fields Moving & StorageErie, PA
- Blue Truck MovingLittle Rock, AR
- Brandon Moving & StorageNorth Little Rock, AR
- Chase Moving and StorageEssex Junction, VT
- City Moving and StorageMinneapolis, MN
- Colorado Springs Moving and StorageColorado Springs, CO
- Dielman Moving & StorageWebster Groves, MO
- Don Farr Moving & StorageWest Mifflin, PA
- Easy As Pie MovingOmaha, NE
- Ewa Moving Co.Honolulu, HI
- Get Moving & StorageIndependence, MO
- Hazzard Moving & StorageSt. Louis, MO
- Herlihy Moving & StorageGrove City, OH
- Heroes Moving & StorageRichmond, VA
- John's Moving & StorageRaleigh, NC
- Jones Moving & StorageProvidence, RI
- Lewis & Michael MovingColumbus, OH
- Long Moving & StorageWestport, MA
- Mabey's Moving & StorageRensselaer, NY
- McGuire Moving & StorageSt. Louis, MO
- Move NorthwestSpokane Valley, WA
- OK TransferWichita, KS
- Pioneer Two Man Movers & StorageSalt Lake City, UT
- Premium Q Moving and StorageTampa, FL
- Ray the MoverManchester, NH
- Regency Moving & StorageRichmond, VA
- Reynolds Transfer & StorageMadison, WI
- Sherpa Moving and StorageEdmond, OK
- Shetler Moving & StorageEvansville, IN
- Sinclair Moving & StoragePhiladelphia, PA
- White Mitten MoversGrand Rapids, MI
Specialty movers: piano, senior and office (34)
- A to Z MovingPortland, OR
- Above & Beyond MoversCharlotte, NC
- Assurance RelocationsTucson, AZ
- Bauer & Son MovingRochester, NY
- Bennett PianoAtlanta, GA
- Bird Dog MovingOklahoma City, OK
- Busy Bee MoversIndianapolis, IN
- California Moving SystemsSacramento, CA
- CH CoakleyWauwatosa, WI
- Collegian MoversMilford, CT
- Delicate Touch MovingBoise, ID
- Denver Door2Door MoversDenver, CO
- Duffy Piano MoversProspect Park, PA
- Eden's Moving ServicesDenver, CO
- Heavy-Duty HeroesGilbert, AZ
- Informed Senior MovesWestlake, OH
- JTR Mover ServicesWorcester, MA
- Laursen Piano ServiceMinnetonka, MN
- Manny's Piano MovingSpring Lake Park, MN
- MoveMatesCharlotte, NC
- Mr. MoverSaukville, WI
- New England Piano MoversAvon, CT
- Piano 2 MoveAustin, TX
- Piano Movers AtlantaAtlanta, GA
- Piano Moving KCKansas City, MO
- Piano WranglerManor, TX
- Pianos2GoHartford, CT
- Portland Piano MovingPortland, OR
- Seale KeyworksFranklin, TN
- SmooveSacramento, CA
- Swift MovesSt. Petersburg, FL
- The Careful MoveLas Vegas, NV
- W. Weaver & Son Moving & StorageHarrisburg, PA
- Walter Piano TransportElkhart, IN
About this study
This report is based on automated scans of publicly available home pages, and pages they link to, run on 2026-10-15. Its findings are a point-in-time technical snapshot of each website. They are not a judgement of any company's moves, crews, care of belongings or prices, and automated checks may contain errors. This report is not a judgement of the quality of any move, crew or price, and it does not check whether any USDOT or MC number, licence, insurance or valuation offer is valid or current. Clikiti is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, any mover listed here; trademarks belong to their owners. The report is provided “as is” under CC BY 4.0, without warranty of any kind. Every person in this report's photographs is AI-generated; none is a real person. The one mover screenshot is the featured mover's own home page, shown unaltered.
Remove my mover from this study
We review every request and reply when it's done; removed movers are excluded from future editions.